Locally known as Djawa or Jawa, Java is the political, geographic and economic center of the Indonesia. Java is where most of Indonesia’s history took place with Jakarta being part of the island. Most of the country’s history took place in Java as it was the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. This is where the center of Hindu-Buddhist empires and the Islamic sultanates began. On the other hand, Chain of volcanoes lines up from east to west—making Java the fifth largest island of Indonesia.
Besides being a home to 56.7 percent of the Indonesian population, Java is also birds’ paradise with more than 450 different bird species around. The island is pretty much crowded with people coming from many region in hope to find a better life. There are officially four provinces and two special regions in Java. Namely,West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Banten as provinces. Then, Jakarta and Yogyakarta as the two special regions.
See also: History of Jakarta – Indonesian Democracy
Geography
Java lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east. The area of Java is 53,588 square miles (138,794 square km) and surrounded by the Java Sea to the north, Sunda Strait to the west. Then, the Indian Ocean to the south and Bali Strait and Madura Strait in the east. The length of island is 661 miles (1,064 km) long from east to west around 60 miles (100 km) to 100 miles (160 km) at the ends of the island.
Java contains more or less 112 volcanoes, thirty-eight of which are active. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru at 12,060 feet (3,676 meters). Meanwhile, the most active volcano is Mount Merapi (2,914 m). There are series of discontinuous plateaus lies south of the volcanic belt and reaches an elevation of about 1,000 feet (300 meters). The island’s longest rivers are the 372 miles (600 km) long Solo River and the Brantas River. The Solo River flows north from Tawu volcano then eastwards to Java Sea, near the city of Surabaya.
The average temperature throughout the year is between 22 ° C to 29 ° C, with an average humidity of 75%. The rainy season begins in October and ends in April, meanwhile the highest rainfall generally occurs in the months of January and February. Rainfall in West Java reached approximately above 4,000 mm per year, while in the northern coast of East Java is just reached 900 mm per year.
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History
Before Java has been developed and growth like now, There are several histories that an evidence Java already became island which has a high potential become developed island.
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In 1891, the first early hominid specimens were found in Java island. The cranial fossil remains, that commonly known as “Java man” is the first early hominid specimen found outside of Europe. Then there are several ones found at various locations along the river valleys, now generally classified in the species Homo erectus. “Java Man” is predicted to have occupied Java from about 1,000,000 to 500,000 years B.C.E.
See also: Indonesian Coral Reef – Indonesia Orangutan
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On the 4th and 7th century, the kingdom of Taruma and Sunda arise in West Java, meanwhile, at the beginning of the 8th century, the kingdom of Medang arise in Central Java. The kingdom of Medang worship the god Siwa and build some of the earliest Hindu temples in Java, around the Dieng Plateau. Then, on the 8th century, the kingdom of Sailendra arise and build various temples in the 9th century, such as Borobudur and Prambanan in Central Java as the form of offerings to their beliefs, Mahayana Buddhism.
In the 10th century, many kingdoms arise in the East part of Java island, such as the kingdoms of Kadiri, the kingdoms of Singhasari, and the kingdoms of Majapahit. It’s the start of trade development between the islands of Indonesia with China and India.
The Majapahit kingdom reached its golden days under the leadership of Hayam Wuruk around 1350-1389. With Gajah Mada as Mahapatih, Majapahit kingdom succeeds in conquering many regions in Java island.
See also: Best Airports in Indonesia – Bali Facts
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At the end of the 16th century, Islam has surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. Many Muslims kingdom arise at that time, such as the kingdoms of Demak, the kingdoms of Cirebon and the kingdoms of Banten. However, the most dominant is Mataram kingdom. At the beginning of the 17th century, the only kingdom left in Java island, after the kingdom of Surabaya and Cirebon fall to the hand of Mataram, is Mataram kingdom and Banten kingdom.
See also: Sumatran Tigers – Indonesian Education System
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The holding of the agreement between the Kingdom of Sunda and the Portuguese in Malaka in 1522 is the beginning of Java’s relationship with the colonial powers of Europe. With the agreement, Portuguese only allowed in Malaka. In 1596, an expedition led by Cornelis de Houtman, is the beginning of a relationship between Indonesia and the Netherlands. At the end of the 18th century, the Dutch have managed to expand their influence in the sultanates in the island of Java and so the colonization begins. The Java is main role in the beginning of colonization is as a rice-producing areas.
In 1811, the British succeed conquering Java and Java become part of Kingdom of Great Britain, with Sir Stamford Raffles as the Governor-General. Under the Treaty of Paris, Java be returned to the Netherlands in 1814.
From the 18th century to the 19th century, Java experiencing rapid population growth. The rapid population growth believed to happen because of Tanam Paksa System that is detrimental to society. Many couples trying to have more children in the hope of increasing the number of family members that can help pay taxes and earn a living. In 1820, an outbreak of cholera in Java claimed 100,000 victims.
See also: Indonesian Heroes
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See also: Indonesia Religion – Indonesian Language
Java known as the island of arts. There are several traditional arts spread around in all territory of Java. Both of dances, houses, even Fabrics. Here several arts from Java, such as:
Traditional Dances
There are some Indonesian cultures in traditional dances of Java. Such as:
1. East Java
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2. Central Java
See also:
3. West Java
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4. Yogyakarta
See also: Endangered Animals in Indonesia – National Library of Indonesia
Traditional Houses
a.Kebaya House
The house is divided into two parts. First part is the one that can be seen by public, while the other part is limited only to family and close relatives.
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Spaces in Kebaya house have their own function and name, here is the list of spaces in Kebaya house:
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b.Baduy House
There are three rooms in Baduy house, that is, the bedroom for the head of the family, kitchen called imah, the bedroom for the children, the dining room called tepas and the living room called sosoro.
The house’s lock are made with two pieces of wood that lay crosswise pulled or pushed from the outside of the house.
See also: Indonesian Human Rights – Volcanoes in Indonesia
c.Kasepuhan Cirebon House
See also:
Then, this traditional house can be found in West Java, especially Cirebon. Here are the important parts in Kasepuhan Cirebon:
See also: Indonesian Martial Arts – Indonesian Theater
d.Joglo House
These four innermost house columns—surmounted by a unique structural element known as tumpang sari—support a roof that is the steepest of all type of Javanese roof; almost look like a pyramid, except that it comes to two points rather than a single one.
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Part of Joglo are:
There are also many types of Joglo house such as:
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e.Bangsal Kencono House
This house serve as a place for religious events or empire events.Its also used in “Jumenengan” which a show when an emperor ascended the throne.
Bangsal Kencono house has many ornaments and details from the influence of Hinduism, for example, the number of poles as many as seven symbolizes perfection.
See also: Largest Cities in Indonesia – Poverty in Indonesia
Traditional Fabrics
Lurik
Lurik is the clothing typically wear by male in the countryside among the peoples of Java. Lurik itself comes from Javanese language, “Lorek” which means an epitome of simplicity.
On the other hand, Lurik is believed that has been around since the days of the Mataram kingdom, evidenced by the discovery of inscription that tells about it.
Moreover, not only male, Lurik also used to make woman’s dress in the form of kebaya.
Lurik has many variations, such as orak klenting kuning, sodo sakler, lasem, tuluh watu, lompong keli, kinanti, kembang telo, kembang mindi, melati secontong, ketan ireng, ketan salak, dom ndlesep, loro-pat, kembang bayam, jaran dawuk, kijing miring, kunang sekebon, and more.
There are also well-known fabrics from Java called Batik. Batik mostly made in every territory of Java. Moreover, there are many kinds of Batik.Therefore, it makes Batik become one of Most Beautiful Fabric in Indonesia and already entered international stage especially in fashion terms.
Traditional Instrument
Population
With a density of 1,317 people / km, Java became the island where more than 60% of the population Indonesia live.
Here is the list of population in Java in 2005:
City, Province |
Population |
Jakarta, DKI Jakarta |
12.589.247 |
Surabaya, Jawa Timur |
4.611.506 |
Bandung, Jawa Barat |
3.580.570 |
Bekasi, Jawa Barat |
2.793.478 |
Tangerang, Banten |
2.221.595 |
Depok, Jawa Barat |
2.178.733 |
Semarang, Jawa Tengah |
1.974.903 |
Bogor, Jawa Barat |
1.154.467 |
Malang, Jawa Timur |
1.021.356 |
Yogyakarta |
466.313 |
Economic Conditions
At the beginning, Java economy is highly dependent on the rice fields only until sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tea, and quinine were introduced by the Netherlands. Java Post Road construction by Daendels in the early 19th century become the initial ease of transportation. The toll roads built and expanded since the Soeharto era until now, has connecting urban centers with the surrounding area.
On this very day, industry, business and trade, as well as services has evolve in Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang and Bandung, while Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and Cirebon in charge of keeping the cultural heritage of the Palace and become the center arts, culture and tourism. Towns along the northern coast of Java, especially around Cilegon, Tangerang, Bekasi, Karawang, Gresik and Sidoarjo become industrial area.
See also : Bali Facts – Indonesian Politics
Java island is one of developed island among other in archipelago. Most of industries make Java as one of their focus to spread its products. Moreover, the location of Java also support in the term of economy to growth. That’s why many people want to transmigrate from their place to Java island.
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